On the use of flipped classroom across various disciplines: Insights from a second-order meta-analysis

Flipped classroom has become a popular buzzword in the post-secondary education setting, and it is one of most visible trends smart learning environments. Alongside this popularisation comes view that flipped something desirable. Yet, many educators remain divided over whether really an improvement traditional approaches. This paper first to synthesise all relevant meta-analytic information using second-order meta-analysis approach on effectiveness student outcomes. By synthesising findings multiple primary meta-analyses instead individual empirical studies, can more accurately account for publication bias generate robust result. The present study synthesised analysed quality 15 involved 156,722 participants non-flipped conditions provide exhaustive test its effect outcomes higher date. mean random size, after trim-and-fill adjustment, was 0.37, p < 0.001 support classrooms. To check accuracy results, we performed study-level validation. We discuss possible contextual methodological moderators.